Disadvantages of campervan. Can be somewhat easily punctured or poked.

Disadvantages of campervan Oct 3, 2024 · We have met with several quality builders and have narrowed down our search to a few. It’s 7. Bed takes up a lot of space; Space is not multifunctional Jul 18, 2023 · Finding the perfect 4×4 camper van for your off road adventures. 1. Rent a Pop Up Camper BEFORE You Buy One! This is the number one tip we give to folks who ask me and Susan our advice about buying a pop up camper or any type of RV. One of the disadvantages of campervans this small is that they won’t have a toilet or WC that a larger campervan would have, but they’re great for a short road trip or weekend away on a campsite where toilet facilities are provided. Instead of a house that stays in one place, you live in a home that can travel anywhere. And here's the bad news: depending on where you're renting and in what season, a camper can be a huge expense. You’ll need to factor in all these costs to make an informed decision. However, the advantages really outweigh the disadvantages, otherwise, camper vans would not be as popular as they are. You save space. Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using a wet bath in your campervan. This pull behind motorcycle camper offers basic amenities which are enough to guarantee a great time while camping. Common MPV’s to use are the Renault Kangoo, VW Caddy, Mazda Bongo or the Nissan NV200. Class B camper vans are smaller than other types of RVs. Chalking on the sidewalls of your RV (especially if you don’t have gutter rails). Disadvantages of Class B RVs. It’s no secret that a camper van’s interior living space is minimal. Nov 24, 2023 · With that said, towing a small pop-up camper or driving a Class-B RV or campervan is fairly easy for even a novice to do. Feb 18, 2018 · This article states plainly six advantages and six disadvantages of touring New Zealand in a campervan, based on personal experience. Discover the benefits of a 5th wheel camper. You can use your pickup for hauling, towing, commuting, or off Nov 16, 2020 · Time Out Camper lets you enjoy your road trip along with some creature comforts. A campervan usually ranges in lengths between 17’ and 19’ and widths of about 7’. I have seen shiplap, molded fabric walls and others. Jul 12, 2024 · There are a number of methods to journey utilizing boats, airplanes, trains, vehicles, and campervans, to call a couple of. To navigate through this disadvantage, you have to plan your journey and schedule very well. 5 days ago · Making the Right Choice: Is a Pop Up Camper for You? Deciding whether a pop-up camper is the right choice involves weighing your camping needs, preferences, and lifestyle. They are the most energy-efficient fridge, using a compressor and refrigerant to quickly reach and maintain desired temperatures in the fridge and freezer compartments, drawing low power from the vehicle’s battery. Dec 19, 2024 · Fuel costs are another consideration. This doesn’t leave much room to live in. A pop-top camper requires more maintenance than other types of van campers. This is great for tall people who want a campervan that they can fully stand up in. Jul 23, 2022 · More About Private Campervan Rentals in New Zealand. With so many picture-perfect camper vans in paradise spots shown all over social media, it’s important to keep it real and consider their disadvantages too. Any advice from this experienced group on the advantages/disadvantages of core construction - wood vs. ft. Although you can mitigate this issue by choosing a larger vehicle, limited space is a known issue all van lifers must deal with. Accessibility. The upper layer can wear off, exposing the black lower layer. Even though there are a lot of pros to campervan living, there are also some downsides. Before we go any further, let’s clarify some terminology. Some of the disadvantages of Class B RVs versus other types include: Cramped living space – If you’re traveling with pets or kids, the small space will feel even smaller Pros of Hybrid RV. Let’s compare two new pop up campers. It takes a specific skill to push a trailer in reverse, so plan to practice that need after purchase. Campervans typically have lower fuel efficiency compared to the towing vehicle and caravan combination. First, there’s the tent camper, the 2019 Jayco Jay Sport. You might find yourself spending quite a bit of money every month, or you will pay quite a large sum of money once a year to fix that AC or roof that needs fixing in your home. RV Insurance Auto Insurance Home Insurance Mar 20, 2023 · What is a micro campervan? A micro-campervan is classified as an M. Be sure to have enough parking space to leave your campervan so you can walk around tight and crowded areas, for instance. It is a lifestyle. Point #10: the price per square foot is significantly higher than that of other campers ($150/sq. Don’t have to make the bed if you don’t want to; Can have separate sleeping schedules; More comfortable mattress; Storage space under the bed; Disadvantages of a permanent bed in your camper van. 4 berth campervan is $89 a day with a 3 day outing costing $268, a week is $350 and a month is $848. Disadvantages of a Volkswagen Camper Van. Because these campervans tend to be smaller than self-contained vans, they are easier to drive. There we list you the advantages and disadvantages of buying and renting each and then we just have to wait until the border opens again. However, modern campervans are becoming more fuel-efficient, narrowing this gap. Carefully consider the pros and cons above to decide whether buying an RV is right Dec 3, 2022 · Overall, a hybrid camper is less expensive to buy than an equivalent-size hard-sided camper with similar amenities and features. If you’re not used to driving big vehicles, a camper van will be the most comfortable choice for you. Their smaller size means better fuel efficiency, which can save money on long trips. Pint of Milk scenario: Often used as a disadvantage of having a motorhome. That means your nice wooded campsite could be a nightmare if there’s a tree where you need your slide out to be. There are a lot of great things about owning a camper van but as with anything, there are some caveats that go along with it. We always recommend that you rent before you buy. We’ve been travelling and living in a motorhome for over five years across Europe and in the UK. We know people who’ve bought a motorhome and within a month have decided to sell it again because they hated the lifestyle and hadn’t thought about the pros and cons of campervan life. Maintenance costs can be 53% cheaper than owning a home. ?? I like the idea of 8020 (water resistance, strength, durability) but have heard it can be very noisy after we put some miles on the rig. Disadvantages of Pop-Top Campervans. Let’s explore some of the most distinct advantages of a camper van or a travel trailer. Automatic transmission basically means the vehicle can change gears by itself, without the driver using a The Shocking Disadvantages of Living in a Camper [2023] Jacob; June 10, 2023; Full-Time RVing Jan 23, 2023 · A truck camper retains its worth quite well, especially if properly maintained. After traveling in my camper van for a few years now, I have put together a list of pros and cons that might help you decide whether this lifestyle is the way to go or not. Truma CombiThe Truma Combi Boiler is one of the original hot water systems used in caravans Cons of a campervan holiday A lot of planning Some people’s idea of a holiday is to relax, sip a cocktail, and do nothing. Jun 17, 2020 · Disadvantages of Campervan and Motorhome Travel My Carbon Footprint. versus $100/sq. You have a flush toilet. Are you looking for a vehicle that combines the ruggedness of a 4×4 with the comforts of a fully-equipped camper van? Luckily, as more and more manufacturers create off road capable RVs, adventure seekers have found their perfect home on wheels with these compact, 4×4 camper vans. For more information on travel trailers check out this Camper Report article Motorhomes vs Travel Trailers: 10 Pros and Cons. May 3, 2021 · 5th wheel campers are pulled behind a truck via a hitch on the truck bed. Jul 11, 2024 · We’ll compare different types of RVs and motorhomes, the advantages and disadvantages of camper vans, and where you can find great options for class B RV rental to get a taste of RV life. Advantages of Campervan Wet Baths. Type of driving licence required: If your campervan weighs less than 3,500 kilos, you can drive it on a standard licence. 8020 vs. Campervans Don’t Offer Much Space. Advantages and Disadvantages of the de CAMPER Model of Sheep Production Link to 1st video, "Modern Sheep Farming in Guyana | THE DE CAMPER MODEL":https://www That's it for today. 5 tonnes, instead of a small motorhome like my current camper. But to get that extra room, you need to actually have a campsite wide enough to extend your camper’s walls. Advantages and Disadvantages of Campervans and Jun 19, 2022 · 2. Pop-top campervans, on the other hand, will often offer over seven feet of standing room. It is lightweight which makes it perfect for motorcycle towing. Probably the biggest benefit of a truck camper is the versatility. Point #11: When camping, it is more difficult to hook and unhook the truck camper while going about your day. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on your budget, preference, and needs. The amount of space that a toilet takes up would be the main reason that you wouldn’t want a toilet in your van. Jan 12, 2025 · Advantages of motorhome ownership: 1. Nov 21, 2020 · Again, we looked to turn a disadvantage into an advantage with our truck camper. In this article, we’ll explore the pros and cons of owning a 4×4 campervan and briefly talk about some of the best camper vans available, so you can decide if an off-road camper van is the right choice for you. Depreciation: Although in recent years some second hand motorhomes have increased in value, there is still the dreaded prospect of depreciation. And for smaller distances like when up for a street journey, street automobiles shall be your best choice. Suitability for different trips There is a wide range of options depending on your budget and your preferred options to make a pop-top camper van work for you. Nov 23, 2024 · How does an inverter work in a camper van? An inverter is a device that converts the low-voltage electricity from a camper van's leisure batteries into high-voltage electricity, allowing you to use appliances that require a higher voltage. com uses cookies to provide Sep 6, 2023 · However, as idyllic as this scenario may seem, it is important to be aware of the potential downsides of owning a pop-up camper. May 13, 2024 · When you compare the pros and cons of camper vans, one of the most significant downsides is the size. Types of Campervans You Can Use. Last week we looked at the pros and cons of investing in a van with a pop top or getting a pop top installed. When you're ready to go, just pack your campervan, charge up your rechargeables and hit the road. When you’re not using it, you can store your camper in your garage and use your truck regularly. Mar 18, 2023 · In conclusion, living the van life in a campervan in the UK has both advantages and disadvantages. Cost. I have discount codes! Renting a campervan is already a great way to save money when traveling around New Zealand, but allow me to make it even cheaper for you! And thus, there are many things come with it. 1-866-646-1755. RV clinics? Dec 14, 2018 · Disadvantages of a Class C Motorhome. This article will use ‘motorhome’ to refer to any RV with an engine built in, including buses and campervans. A question we get asked all the time is how does our system compare to the Truma Combi Boiler. While traveling in a camper van may not be the first choice for many travellers, it has become the norm and you should give it a try. Vehicles Disadvantages of pop-up campers. It’s so easy to travel around and discover new sights, sounds and tastes every day. Despite the trends going on around being an full-time RVer and how cool and free it looks, being a motorhome owner is a lifestyle. Namely, Class C RVs are slightly bigger than camper vans, and Class A RVs are the largest option. If you’ve been on a campervan holiday before, you’ll know how much freedom it gives you. We like long road trips too. They provide roadside assistance, too, so there’s no need to organize this separately. Even before you set out on a journey, you have to do your research for the campervan hire, have to get all the equipment, get insurance, and create an itinerary. Feb 15, 2020 · When we look at the advantages and disadvantages of technology, then it is essential to keep a historical perspective instead of a modern one. You'll be away in a matter of hours. If this sounds like you, campervan holiday is not for you. It’s like going on a trip that never ends. If you look at cost per square foot, in fact, most hybrid campers cost far less than a hard-sided camper of the same size and capacity. Matt Lloyd. For more campervan rental advice, check out our other guides: Which Campervan Rental Vehicle is Right for You? The Guide to Renting a Car or Campervan in New Zealand; Vanlife: The Guide to Living in a Campervan Mar 4, 2023 · There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to having slides in a motorhome or travel trailer. Oct 17, 2019 · 5. in Campervans: Campervans are usually more affordable, both in terms of initial purchase and ongoing maintenance. Getting into the disadvantages of hard-sided pop up campers now, one of those is the higher price. Lack of Separation Between Living and Dec 1, 2020 · Campervan advantages and disadvantages Campervans are generally smaller and have fewer home comforts than their motorhome cousins. Must be regularly conditioned. In this article, we will discuss pros and cons of owning an RV, camper trailer or a motorhome. Potential untidiness – Smaller living areas may lead to increased clutter if not managed properly. We might have the ability to be more productive today than at any other time in history, but every generation can say that because of the collective nature of this wisdom. Here are the main disadvantages of pop-up campers: Small size. While modern campervans are designed to maximise every inch of space, they can still feel cramped, especially when travelling with a family or group of friends. Because the truck and camper are separate this makes getting from one to the other require going outside. Pop-up campers have a lot going for them, but of course, there are some drawbacks you should know about, too. Jul 8, 2023 · Disadvantages of a Campervan Limited Living Space. Limited space – Shared living spaces, a single bathroom, and close sleeping quarters can be challenging with multiple occupants. The high-top roof. It typically features hard-sided main body construction (like a traditional travel trailer) with one or more fold-out sections, usually where the beds are located. Living in a motorhome full time, however, is different from just spending a few days on the road. This will depend on the individual. The Pros of Camper Vans. Jan 3, 2022 · You’ll find that both types of camper vans have many of the same benefits and disadvantages. Campervans have smaller components, and a general mechanic can efficiently service many models. Let’s look at a few disadvantages of owning one of these unique vehicles. At first, we thought an RV would be the ideal mode of transportation. To drive a motorhome over 3,500 kilos, you need at least a C1 Jun 18, 2024 · Truck campers are also cheaper than motorhomes. Any guidance as we plan our 2. There are also some downsides to owning this type of camper van, and they are not for everyone. If you prioritize mobility, space efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, a pop-up camper can be an excellent option. The last motorhome I owned was a Swift 496 Esprit. Initial purchase price is high These bathrooms are very popular in small RVs and campervans as they take up the least amount of space while still providing both a shower and a toilet. Aug 16, 2016 · Currently looking into the planning stages of the electrical system for a new camper, the vehicle has a 12v system, after looking around it seems that going 24v on the camper has some advantages without much drawbacks, the only two that came up was there would need to be a converter for any 12v cigarette lighter style plugs, and the house What Are the Disadvantages of Hard-Sided Pop Up Campers? The Higher Price. Nice to be able to consult your ideas. Freedom to travel: The allure of motorhome ownership lies in the unparalleled freedom it offers. Each has its own benefits and disadvantages; over the next couple of weeks, we will take you through the pros and cons for each to help you to get on the road in a manner that meets your needs. Then, we look at the best air suspension kits for motorhomes and campervans and provide a buyer’s guide for further clarification. You can find the most important features, advantages and disadvantages of the various models here. uk Aug 14, 2023 · In this post, we’ll talk about the 10 most-common campervan problems: 1. (multi-purpose-vehicle) or a car-derived that have a load volume between 3 to 4 cubic meters and has undergone a professional or self-build/D. Advantages of an RV Slide-out A Volkswagen camper van is the perfect adventure vehicle. We rented a Class C RV before we found the perfect RV for us and bought it. There’s still a learning curve, but you won’t be entirely out of your element. One of the advantages of a popup is the small size; but it’s also a major disadvantage for some. There’s no denying that a slide out can provide you additional interior square footage. RVInsurance. After careful consideration, it turned out that a rental car won out over the RV in most respects. We went to Alaska & West Canada in a 70 days tour. for a travel trailer). These are regular vans that have been converted into campers either by owners as a personal project or by a van conversion company. com has compiled a list of the rules, regulations, and disadvantages of owning a Truck Camper. Plus, they are cheaper to rent and buy than a self-contained campervan. In this article, we will focus on two of the most popular and effective campervan insulation materials: fibreglass and rockwool. We know motorhome and campervan ownership isn’t right for everyone. See full list on owntheoutdoors. Feb 22, 2023 · Before/if you up plate take a colour copy of your old V5 and keep it in the van for the million to one chance you might be stopped for going 110kph in a 90 kph ( its all cameras and flashes theses days) At the toll booths they won't have access to DLVA data base so just practise the phrase * I am a motorhome/camping car class two* in the language of whatever country you are in, if it shows up Jan 3, 2025 · The disadvantages of living in a motorhome . Absorbs quite a lot of heat. We begin this guide by talking about the definition of air suspension, its benefits, and its disadvantages. Jan 26, 2021 · Another disadvantage is that Instagram only allows a limited number of goals to choose from. That’s it for our guide to private campervan and motorhome rentals in New Zealand. The versatility of a truck camper is great… until it’s raining, snowing or there’s a knock on the door in the middle of the night. Oct 27, 2023 · Is your organization thinking about launching a mobile clinic program but you’re finding yourselves at a crossroads, unsure of which option to choose between mobile medical vans vs. Feb 12, 2022 · The second category is the camper van conversions. Pop-top campervan, is a campervan model with a liftable roof section. We owned her for 18 months, which seemed a reasonable length of time to discuss the pros and cons of owning a motorhome over 3. Many modern camper vans also come with backup cameras and spacious windows. This model provides additional space and height in the car when parked; Full-sized campervan, this second type has a larger size and is equipped with more Feb 26, 2025 · Campervans tend to retain their value, particularly if you own a VW camper van. Y campervan conversion. They are built within a van body either as a conversion from a commercial van, or factory-built by the van manufacturer. Pop tops are the most common roof added to a camper van, and for good reason. From limited space to weather-related challenges, this article presents a comprehensive exploration of the disadvantages that may accompany your pop-up camper journey. Jan 12, 2025 · Usually, campervan rental will include cooking supplies, pillows, bedding, and camping chairs. I wish you a lot of fun on your journey and if you are looking for a camper yourself to buy or rent, we will be happy if you visit our blog. Nov 25, 2024 · Today’s definition of a campervan is more diversified as there are so many different types of vehicles, and some that have high, fixed roofs are still under the name “campervan. Well, lets deep dive into understanding the disadvantages of owning that big class A rv or a smaller travel trailer (rv’s in general). 6 berth campervan or motorhome has a daily cost of $126, 3 days is $378, a week is $476 and a month costs $1,748. As a little additional information, you can see some types of campervan cars below. Despite us being a little biased, as we do sell competitive kits to the Truma, we'd give a brief overview of the advantages and disadvantages of each system, including our own competitor the Bobil Air Hybrid. Having water aboard your campervan is an essential addition that makes travelling in a campervan an enjoyable experience. Jun 23, 2024 · Heaters for your camper are available in various designs, both in terms of the type of heat transfer to the living space and the energy source. People really get passionate about it and love talking to other campervan owners. No longer bound by rigid itineraries or constrained by hotel reservations, you have the liberty to chart your course and wander wherever your heart desires. The price of a camper van is something that most people can work with. Nov 13, 2023 · A hybrid camper is an innovative blend of a conventional travel trailer and a pop-up camper. Just a folding plywood gear that lets us under Space for different camping stuf. Compared to hitching a caravan to the back of a car in the middle of a torrential downpour, taking a motorhome on holiday is a much more convenient option although owning a camper can have one or two Dec 30, 2019 · Most first-time owners of a travel trailer find that their biggest disadvantage is learning how to drive and park after connecting the unit to their hitch. Dec 1, 2022 · Versatile: As a campervan is effectively just a van, a can therefore be used instead of a car to do daily tasks and trips, as well as a mobile-home that can travel across the country. Lack of Interior Space. The Disadvantages of Non-Self Contained Campervans Jul 10, 2024 · Handling campervans can be harder than smaller cars which tend to be smoother and more effortless to drive around. People who come to the US from Europe routinely pay thousands of dollars per week to rent small RVs and camper vans from commercial companies. / * * * * Transwest. High top roofs may not be to everyone’s taste as they tend to look a little less sleek than pop tops. Jul 30, 2023 · 3 Disadvantages of Small Camper Van Rentals While small camper vans for rent offer numerous advantages, like any travel option, they also come with their fair share of drawbacks. Separate Vehicle + Camper. A compressor 12V refrigerator is the most common type of campervan fridge. Jul 14, 2022 · Disadvantages of an EPDM Roof. These vans aren’t cheap. 8m long and weighs a healthy 4 tonnes, give or take. Is Owning an RV a Good Idea? Owning an RV is a good idea if the pros of RV ownership outweigh the cons. P. Disadvantages of Hybrid Campers New Zealand campervan or car? All the advantages and disadvantages at a glance! Traveling in New Zealand with kids is great. Its a lifestyle and need to be bought after proper thought process. Nov 21, 2022 · What Are The Disadvantages of a Camper Van? I have lived in camper vans for 3 years, so I’ve experienced a full taste of both the pros and cons. Before embarking on a campervan adventure, one must know the potential cons to make an informed decision. Disadvantage. Whether you need water for drinking, cooking, or for taking a shower, having a steady supply of fresh water is an excellent addition to any campervan conversion. Pop-top roofs are less versatile. Mar 31, 2023 · Both offer the convenience of a home on wheels, but they come with distinct advantages and disadvantages, depending on your particular circumstance. Campervans are typically smaller than caravans, which means less living and storage space. It offers flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and the opportunity to get closer to nature and live a simpler life. Aug 14, 2023 · While a campervan might be more challenging to maintain than a travel trailer or truck camper, it is easier to maintain than a large motorhome. If you’re going to have a shower in your van anyway, then finding a campervan toilet shower unit might be the best solution. Benefits of a Pop-Top Nov 27, 2024 · With more room for extra amenities, campervans have an edge over sleeping in a car. One of the most considerable benefits of camper vans is that they often offer more accessibility for a camping trip than RVs. Can be somewhat easily punctured or poked. When you own a home, you do a lot of regular maintenance. Sep 7, 2023 · To help you out, we have written this guide to all things motorhome and caravan air suspension. In the end, we did go for a rental car. Buying a campervan might mean spending a bit of money now, but think how much you'll save when it comes to the cost of your time away. Everything about this motorcycle camper is simple and setting up is hassle-free. While there are many things to love about the Volkswagen camper van, they’re not perfect. It needs space and storage which is much different then a normal car or smaller truck. Insurance costs are typically lower as well, making campervans a more budget-friendly option. 2 berthed camper car can be rented for $39 a day, 3 day rental is $99, a week is $301, and a month costs $1,203. For example, what is the purpose for promoting a post? Is it to gain more followers? Or maybe to make actual sales from the post? Unfortunately, only one of those options are available to choose from for a promotion goal. Is It Worth Having a Camper Van or Recreational Vehicle? Overall, many people will find it worth having a camper van during their trips. co. . If severely torn or disintegrated, the entire roof membrane must Buying a campervan is a serious investment so you obviously want to ensure that the decision to purchase an RV is the right choice to make. A 12V inverter, for example, is designed to accept 12V DC input, while a 24V inverter needs 24V DC input. I do try to travel sustainably whenever I can Apr 3, 2024 · What are the disadvantages of a campervan? The main disadvantages of a campervan include limited space and amenities, making them less comfortable for long-term stays or for those who prefer more luxury in their travels. Jul 26, 2023 · The Disadvantages of Having a Toilet in Your Campervan Space limitations and layout challenges. From Ottawa Canada, in our 60’s, we’ve transformed our brand new Dodge Caravan to camper van. ” Most people would imagine a campervan that is smaller than a motorhome. Additionally, their compact size, while beneficial for maneuverability, means less storage space for gear and belongings. Let’s take a good look at the pros and cons of RV slides. V. Compared to traditional or standard travel trailers, hybrid RVs are lighter. If you must cross seas and fly skies, then boats and airplanes are actually a should. As you continue to read this post, you will learn about options to consider for different types of pop-tops, some of the great benefits to owning one, and a few downsides you should consider. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Living In A Camper May 25, 2023 · Advantages of having a fixed bed in your campervan. Pop tops. There are definitely advantages and disadvantages to traveling in a camper van. I. One of the reasons to choose a hybrid RV over other campers in the market is their lightweight. What to do if you Apr 18, 2024 · 1. A motorhome can also be a good investment because it depreciates less than a car. A 4×4 truck and camper can also be surprisingly off-road capable. Hello, can anyone share the advantages and disadvantages of the different wall materials in a campervan custom build. PRO: Your travel is already sorted and you can drive anywhere you want, in your own time, stopping whenever you want. Lightweight. What is Living In A Camper? “Living in a camper” means making a portable vehicle, often with a kitchen and beds, your home. 07:11:56 November 5, 2022 . I was concerned about my impact on the environment. There are many types of camper van insulation materials available, such as foam, wool, fibreglass and rockwool. These dimensions include the engine compartment as well as the driving area. The trick is to figure out which way the pendulum swings furthest where your particular RV, camping style, and priorities are concerned. Dec 29, 2023 · Then there’s the disadvantage of not complying to modern low emission regulations found in some areas. Inverters are designed to work with specific input voltage ranges. For instance, campervan inverters commonly have 12, 24, and 48 DC input voltages. Price: Campervans are cheaper to buy and hire in comparison to motorhomes ; The disadvantages of a campervan are: Living space within the campervan is limited In this article, we explore the world of automatic campervans, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and provide essential information for those considering this transmission option. A campervan owner may even find that they can do many of their campervan repairs themselves. Feb 3, 2020 · On the other hand, if you don't own a camper van, you'll have to rent one. This week, we take a look at the benefits and disadvantages of having a high-top campervan. niiy awcwdo tylnd tphw pmb rwxh hqbip qeace dxihni hljgg ptxk fvkl epj ghcs kpdx